Work Cited
---- Child Labor In America before Labor Laws ----
Riis, Jacob. “Exhibition Overview - Jacob Riis: Revealing ‘How the Other Half Lives’ | Exhibitions - Library of Congress,” n.d. https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jacob-riis/overview.html.
Schmidt, James D. Industrial Violence and the Legal Origins of Child Labor, 2010.
Social Welfare History Project. “Child Labor,” December 8, 2022. https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/child-welfarechild-labor/child-labor/.
The Library of Congress. “[Breaker Boys, Woodward Coal Breakers, Kingston, Pa.],” n.d. https://www.loc.gov/item/2016801352/.
The Library of Congress. “Filling Skins, Sausage Department, Armour’s Great Packing House, Chicago, U.S.A.,” n.d. https://www.loc.gov/item/89712084/.
---- The Movement ----
American Federation of Teachers. “Child Labor in the United States,” June 16, 2014. https://www.aft.org/community/child-labor-united-states.
Fliter, John A. Child Labor in America: The Epic Legal Struggle to Protect Children. University Press of Kansas, 2018.
“National Archives NextGen Catalog,” n.d. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7741400.
Social Welfare History Project. “National Child Labor Committee,” January 5, 2021. https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/child-welfarechild-labor/national-child-labor-committee/.
The Library of Congress. “[Anti-Saloon Broadside Advocating Passage of Child Labor Laws; Illus. of Small Girl Lying on Monument to ‘Profit’; Factories Belching Smoke in Background],” n.d. https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3b03651/.
The Library of Congress. “Image 42 of Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), January 24, 1915,” January 24, 1915. https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1915-01-24/ed-1/?sp=42&q=Child+Labor&r=-0.201,0.064,0.748,0.311,0.
The Library of Congress. “[Protest against Child Labor in a Labor Parade],” n.d. https://www.loc.gov/item/97519062/.
Wood, Marjorie Elizabeth. Emancipating the Child Laborer: Children, Freedom, and the Moral Boundaries of the Market in the United States, 1853-1938, 2011.
Zelizer, Viviana A. Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children. Princeton University Press, 1994.
---- Outcome ----
Fliter, John A. Child Labor in America: The Epic Legal Struggle to Protect Children. University Press of Kansas, 2018.
Kratz, Jessie. “Unratified Amendments: Regulating Child Labor.” Pieces of History, March 8, 2023. https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2020/03/24/unratified-amendments-regulating-child-labor/.
The Library of Congress. “Newspaper Comments on New Child Labor Law in Penn. Location: Pennsylvania.,” n.d. https://www.loc.gov/item/2018674169/.
The Library of Congress. “U.S. Reports: Child Labor Tax Case, 259 U.S. 20 (1922).,” n.d. https://www.loc.gov/item/usrep259020/.
---- Timeline ----
Fliter, John A. Child Labor in America: The Epic Legal Struggle to Protect Children. University Press of Kansas, 2018.
“Redirecting,” n.d. https://www.google.com/url?q=https://stopchildlabor.org/timeline-of-child-labor-developments-in-the-united-states/&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1681794765613563&usg=AOvVaw32i5AzSmUH19uHnUGJbB-y.
Schmidt, James D. Industrial Violence and the Legal Origins of Child Labor. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Social Welfare History Project. “National Child Labor Committee,” January 5, 2021. https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/child-welfarechild-labor/national-child-labor-committee/.
The Library of Congress. “Accident to Young Mill Worker. Giles Edmund Newsom (Photo October 23rd, 1912) While Working in Sanders Spinning Mille [i.e., Mill], Bessemer City, N.C., August 21st, 1912, a Piece of the Machine Fell on to His Foot Mashing His Toe. This Caused Him to Fall on to a Spinning Machine and His Hand Went into Unprotected Gearing, Crushing and Tearing out Two Fingers. He Told the Attorney He Was 11 Years Old When It Happened. His Parents Are Now Trying to Make Him 13 Years Old. The School Census Taken at the Time of the Accident Makes Him12 Years Old (Parents’ Statement) and School Records Say the Same. His School Teacher Thinks He Is 12. His Brother (See Photo 3071) Is Not yet 11 Years Old. Both of the Boys Worked in the Mill Several Months before the Accident. His Father, (R.L. Newsom) Tried to Compromise with the Company When He Found the Boy Would Receive the Money and Not the Parents. The Mother Tried to Blame the Boys for Getting Jobs on Their Own Hook, but She Let Them Work Several Months. The Aunt Said ‘Now He’s Jes Got to Where He Could Be of Some Help to His Ma an’ Then This Happens and He Can’t Never Work No More like He Oughter.’ Location: Bessemer City, North Carolina.,” n.d. https://www.loc.gov/item/2018677308/.
The Library of Congress. “Coal Breaker Boys,” n.d. https://www.loc.gov/item/2016806752/.
The Library of Congress. “WILSON, WOODROW. SIGNING CHILD LABOR BILL,” n.d. https://www.loc.gov/item/2016853943/.
---- Key People ----
———. “Edgar Gardner Murphy - Encyclopedia of Alabama,” March 27, 2023. https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/media/edgar-gardner-murphy/.
Encyclopedia of Alabama. “Edgar Gardner Murphy - Encyclopedia of Alabama,” March 27, 2023. https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/media/edgar-gardner-murphy/.
McFarland, C. K. “Crusade for Child Laborers: ‘Mother’ Jones and the March of the Mill Children.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 38, no. 3 (January 1, 1971): 283–96. https://journals.psu.edu/phj/article/download/23546/23315.NA
National Women’s History Museum. “Biography: Jane Addams,” n.d. https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/jane-addams#:~:text=In%201907%2C%20Addams%20was%20a,a%20new%20profession%20for%20women.
Proquest. “GOV. MURPHY’S MESSAGE: New Jersey Executive Discusses Child Labor Law. Says Children’s Welfare Is of More Importance Than the Saving of Wages to Employers of State.Ork Times - ProQuest,” January 13, 1904. https://www.proquest.com/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/96482720/7ADE3BF07FF44F6BPQ/1.
The Library of Congress. “FDR [Franklin Delano Roosevelt]- Radio Broadcast,” n.d. https://www.loc.gov/item/2016894434/.
The Library of Congress. “Jane Addams,” n.d. https://www.loc.gov/item/2013651558/.
The Library of Congress. “‘Mother’ Jones [No.] 3,” n.d. https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3a50447/.
The Library of Congress. “‘Mother’ Jones and Her Army of Striking Textile Workers Starting out for Their Descent on New York The Textile Workers of Philadelphia Say They Intend to Show the People of the Country Their Condition by Marching through All the Important Cities / / Peirce & Jones, Photographers, 906 Walnut Street, Philadelphia.,” n.d. https://www.loc.gov/resource/ds.07713/.
The Library of Congress. “Mrs. Florence Kelley,” n.d. https://www.loc.gov/item/mnwp000099/.
Social Welfare History Project. “National Child Labor Committee,” January 5, 2021. https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/child-welfarechild-labor/national-child-labor-committee/.
The Library of Congress. “Woodrow Wilson,” n.d. https://www.loc.gov/resource/det.4a31330/.